The Kargil War - Foolish Attempt of The Pakistan
Operation 'White Sea' ऑपरेशन सफेद सागर
The Kargil war was famous as the Kargil conflict and was an armed conflict fought between India and Pakistan from 3rd May to 26th July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LoC). The de facto border, the LoC was crossed by the Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri terrorists were the reason to start the conflict between the two nations. The Indian military operation, called this conflict as Operation Vijay in Hindi and in English Operation Victory, to clear out the Kargil sector from the enemy. It was the joint operation of the Indian Air Force and India Army, and the war was aimed at flushing out regular and irregular troops of the Pakistan Army from vacated Indian positions along the LoC and the Kargil sector. This particular and unique operation was given the code name 'Operation Safed Sagar' meaning Operation 'White Sea' and in Hindi: ऑपरेशन सफेद सागर.
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The Proud of India - The Indian Soldiers |
The Kargil War - The Joint Operation of Indian Army and Indian Air Force
In the beginning, Pakistan was not ready to accept the infiltration of Pakistani troops, instead, it was claiming that the Kashmiri militants crossed the LoC. But in reality, Pakistani troops—disguised as Kashmiri militants and crossed de facto LoC. Finally, Pakistan agreed that the documents left behind by casualties and the statements given by Pakistan's then Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Chief of Army Staff showed the involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces, led by General Ashraf Rashid. The Indian Army, later supported by the Indian Air Force, recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LoC at Kargil sector. Facing international diplomatic opposition, Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian positions along the LoC.
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee - PM of India With Indian Soldiers |
Indo - Pak War -- High-Altitude Warfare in Mountainous Terrain
The war between India and Pakistan is the most recent example of high-altitude warfare in mountainous terrain, and both sides faced significant logistical problems to supply the warriors. After the conviction of China and the Soviet Union in 1969, it was the conventional warfare between nuclear states i.e., those having nuclear weapons. India had conducted its first successful nuclear test in 1974 and the second in 1998, but in the case of Pakistan in 1998, the first nuclear test was conducted.
Kargil - Location of the Conflict
Before the Partition of India in 1947, Kargil was a tehsil of Ladakh, having a very less population area with diverse linguistic, ethnic, and religious groups, living in isolated valleys separated by some of the world's highest mountains. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 was decided with the Line of Control bisecting the Ladakh district, with the Skardu tehsil going to Pakistan, which is now part of Gilgit-Baltistan. After India defeated Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971, the two nations signed the Simla Agreement promises not to engage or be disturbed in armed conflict with respect to that boundary which is concluded as the LoC.
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Indian Soldiers - Celebrated Victory on Kargil |
The town of Kargil has located 205 km (127 mi) from Srinagar, facing the Northern Areas across the LoC. Like other areas in the Himalayas, Kargil has a continental climate. Summers are cool with frigid nights, while winters are long and chilly with temperatures often dropping to −48 °C (−54 °F).
Why Kargil? - Right Location Selected by Pakistan
Kargil cuts through an Indian national highway (NH 1) connecting Srinagar to Leh, it's only the road linking Srinagar and Leh where first infiltration and then the conflict was started, it is a 160-kilometer (100 mi) long stretch of ridges. On the ridges above the highway, the military outposts were generally around 5,000 m (16,000 ft) high, with a few as high as 5,485 m (17,995 ft). With the district capital, Kargil, the well-populated areas near the front line in the conflict included the Mushko Valley, and the town of Drass, southwest of Kargil, as well as the Batalik sector and other areas northeast of Kargil were affected. Kargil was targeted because the terrain was very helpful to the enemy to prevent opposite attacks forcefully and some part was unoccupied by Indian military positions. One who is at the top of the peak, he can tactically attack a strong military force. Any attack to dislodge a defender from high ground in mountain warfare requires a far higher ratio of attackers to defenders, and the difficulties would be exacerbated by the high altitude and freezing temperatures around -48 °C (−54 °F). Above all the tehsil of Skardu, a Pakistani-controlled town is just 173 km away from the Kargil area to supply all the necessary logistical and artillery support to Pakistani soldiers. A road between Kargil and Skardu exists, which was closed in 1949, after the first war with Pakistan in 1948.
Background For the Kargil Conflict
After being defeated by India in the 1971 war, Pakistan was not satisfied with the Indian relationship and continuously trying to small direct and indirect conflicts, but the efforts are not successful effectively. In 1984 Operation Meghadoot was also effectively successed by India. During the 1990s, the separatist activities in Kashmir, some of which were supported by Pakistan militants, and ISI, as well as the conducting of nuclear tests by both countries in 1998, India's second, and Pakistan's first, led to an increasingly belligerent atmosphere in the valley. In an attempt to reduce the tension and control the situation, both countries signed the Lahore Declaration in February 1999, by both Prime Ministerial presence, Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif, promising to provide a peaceful and bilateral solution to the Kashmir conflict.
Pakistani Troops Called Themselves as Mujahdeen and Attacked
Pakistani Armed forces disguised as Mujahideen and entered into the Indian territory, during the winter of 1998 and 1999, on the Indian side of the LOC. These Pakistani troops and paramilitary forces were well trained. The infiltration was Code Named "Operation Badr"; and its aim was to take the revenge of 1984 "Operation Meghadoot" and cut the link between Kashmir and Ladakh, and cause Indian forces to withdraw from the Siachen Glacier. It was Pakistan's most hasty decision because Pakistan also believed that 'any tension in the valley would internationalize the Kashmir issue, helping it to secure a speedy resolution, to boost the morale of the decade-long rebellion in Jammu and Kashmir by taking a proactive role
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